Peru

Caral/Norte Chico Peru, ; ; Quechua: ''Piruw'' ; }} officially the Republic of Peru,}}}} is a country in western South America. It is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.

Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE Caral–Supe civilization, the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization. Notable succeeding cultures and civilizations include the Nazca culture, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551.

Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Simón Bolívar, as well as the decisive battle of Ayacucho, it completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the internal conflict between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of ''Plan Verde'' shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing sociopolitical vulnerabilities, exacerbated by a political crisis instigated by Congress and the COVID-19 pandemic, precipitating the period of unrest beginning in 2022.

The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.

Peru's population includes Mestizos, Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, or other Indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. Peru has recently gained international recognition for its vibrant gastronomy, blending Indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences. Lima is now considered a global culinary capital, home to award-winning restaurants like Central and Maido.

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  1. 101

    El desarrollo económico y financiero del Perú 1968-1973 /

    Published 1974
    “…Banco Central de Reserva del Perú…”
    Book
  2. 102

    Centro de datos para la conservación : inventario contínuo del Patrimonio Natural /

    “…Perú. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina…”
    Book
  3. 103

    Sinopsis : Boletín de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú /

    Published 1981
    “…PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DEL PERU (LIMA)…”
    Serial
  4. 104

    Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines /

    Published 1972
    “…Institud Français d'Etudes Andines (Perú)…”
    Texto completo desde 2001, 30 (1) hasta 2022, 51 (1). [Consulta: 2024/03/18]
    Serial
  5. 105

    Publicaciones del Archivo Histórico /

    Published 1960
    “…Perú. Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio…”
    Serial
  6. 106

    Tierra y Sociedad : revista del Archivo del Fuero Agrario /

    Published 1978
    “…ARCHIVO DEL FUERO AGRARIO (LIMA, PERU)…”
    Serial
  7. 107

    Catálogo de la sección republicana.

    Published 1945
    “…Peru. Ministerio de Hacienda. Archivo Histórico…”
    Book
  8. 108

    Compendio breve de discursos varios sobre diferentes materias, y noticias geográficas, comprensivas, a este obispado del Cuzco, que claman remedios espirituales / by Oricain, Pablo José

    Published 2004
    “…Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú…”
    Book
  9. 109

    Primer Encuentro de Narradores Peruanos Arequipa 1965 /

    Published 1969
    “…Encuentro de Narradores Peruanos Arequipa, Perú…”
    Conference Proceeding Book
  10. 110

    Ante la VIII Conferencia Panamericana : [el Partido Comunista del Perú al pueblo peruano] / by Ravines, Eudocio

    Published 1938
    “…Partido Comunista del Perú. Comité Central…”
    Book
  11. 111

    TAREA. Boletín de educación popular

    Published 1974
    “…Perú, Centro de Publicaciones Educativas Tarea…”
    Serial
  12. 112

    Pintura virreynal.

    Published 1973
    “…Banco de Crédito del Perú, ed…”
    Book
  13. 113

    Código de enjuiciamientos en materia penal /

    Published 1861
    “…Comisión Codificadora en Materia Penal (Perú)…”
    Book
  14. 114

    Boletin de la Sociedad Química del Peru /

    “…Sociedad Química del Peru (Lima, PE)…”
    Journal
  15. 115

    Acta Médica Peruana /

    Published 1972
    “…Colegio Médico del Peru (Lima, PE)…”
    Journal
  16. 116

    Plan de desarrollo metropolitano Lima-Callao : esquema director 1967-80.

    “…Perú. Oficina Nacional de Planeamiento y Urbanismo…”
    Book
  17. 117

    Para mejorar la radio y la televisión Hacia una nueva ley de telecomunicaciones y más allá de ella. Medios de comunicación /

    Published 2002
    “…Perú Veeduría Ciudadana de la Comunicación Social…”
    Book
  18. 118

    La población del Perú /

    Published 1974
    “…Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (Perú)…”
    Get full text
    Book
  19. 119

    RESEÑA ECONOMICA

    “…BANCO CENTRAL DE LA RESERVA DEL PERU…”
    Serial
  20. 120

    ESTUDIOS ECONOMICOS

    “…BANCO CENTRAL DE LA RESERVA DEL PERU…”
    Serial